Manufacturing Matters- Tuesday Top-Up 34

Wholesale electricity prices in New Zealand: Rolling 7-day averages

When we look at the prices for electricity futures for Q2/25 and Q3/25, and monthly up to August, they all sit above the $350/MWh level. No too bad, compared to the excesses of last winter?

Well, maybe not – except that futures for the corresponding periods in Australia are sitting at less than half of that level, at around AUD120 to AUD150. And the fact that, given where lake levels are at, worse may well be yet to come …

National hydro storage has seen a slight increase this week, now sitting just above the 10th percentile at 83% of the historic mean for this time of year. And that only because the contribution of thermal generation remains above average and increased from 17% to 18% of the mix this week – as we understand it, mostly from coal (the data for Q1/25 aren’t available yet).

There is another twist to this. Wholesale electricity prices only make up about half of the total cost for industrial users, with a higher proportion for heavy users because they tend to face lower distribution costs. But Transpower’s transmission charges still account for 10-15% of the total and are certain to go up further than the increases that came into effect on April 1. Transpower is predicted to spend $4.7b over the next five years on grid upgrades, and those costs will be passed on to the users of electricity – industrial and domestic. When it comes to distribution costs, we’ve seen examples of surprisingly high quotes for installing new connections for industrial users, for example.

Projections on the future growth of the global electricity grid (millions of kilometres)

One key building block in that grid expansion will be (large) electrical transformers. Demand for these is predicted to grow by a compound annual rate [CAGR] of 6.5% to 2034.

The problem with these projections is that they are a demand forecast. Current industry capacity is falling well short of that. Actual global production capacities are predicted to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% between 2024 and 2027, resulting in a supply-demand gap exceeding 100,000 Mega Volt-Amperes [MVA] by 2027, with North America and the Middle East & Africa facing the most severe shortages. Current investment in additional manufacturing capacity (around $500m in the US alone) will not be enough to close the regional supply gap, resulting in extended lead times. Where 12 to 14 months were industry standard a few years ago, 30 months is considered rapid at the moment. In Europe, which experienced overcapacity issues in the resent past, resulting in factory closures, lead times of four to five years are common today.

There is a lesson in this – the same one we mentioned last week when discussing US plans to revitalise their shipbuilding industry. When it comes to expanding manufacturing capacity, especially for large and more complicated products, long-term planning is of the essence. Governments in ‘Western democracies’, often mainly focused on winning the next election, appear to be struggling with that times.

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